In what sense is the passage a challenge to medieval views and methods? galileo used mathematics to understand the universe, but scholars of the middle ages believed that knowledge came from god. galileo used books for understanding, while scholars of the middle ages considered the use of books for knowledge to be dangerous. scholars of the middle ages said that one could not understand the universe, while galileo said that this understanding was possible. galileo saw science and philosophy as one and the same, while scholars of the middle ages saw them as two different things?